@article {6582,
	title = {Disruption of DNA methylation-mediated cranial neural crest proliferation and differentiation causes orofacial clefts in mice.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2024},
	month = {2024 Jan 16},
	pages = {e2317668121},
	abstract = {<p>Orofacial clefts of the lip and palate are widely recognized to result from complex gene-environment interactions, but inadequate understanding of environmental risk factors has stymied development of prevention strategies. We interrogated the role of DNA methylation, an environmentally malleable epigenetic mechanism, in orofacial development. Expression of the key DNA methyltransferase enzyme DNMT1 was detected throughout palate morphogenesis in the epithelium and underlying cranial neural crest cell (cNCC) mesenchyme, a highly proliferative multipotent stem cell population that forms orofacial connective tissue. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulations of DNMT activity were then applied to define the tissue- and timing-dependent requirement of DNA methylation in orofacial development. cNCC-specific inactivation targeting initial palate outgrowth resulted in OFCs, while later targeting during palatal shelf elevation and elongation did not. Conditional deletion reduced cNCC proliferation and subsequent differentiation trajectory, resulting in attenuated outgrowth of the palatal shelves and altered development of cNCC-derived skeletal elements. Finally, we found that the cellular mechanisms of cleft pathogenesis observed in vivo can be recapitulated by pharmacologically reducing DNA methylation in multipotent cNCCs cultured in vitro. These findings demonstrate that DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic regulator of cNCC biology, define a critical period of development in which its disruption directly causes OFCs, and provide opportunities to identify environmental influences that contribute to OFC risk.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Proliferation, Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, DNA Methylation, DNA Modification Methylases, Mice, Neural Crest},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2317668121},
	author = {Ulschmid, Caden M and Sun, Miranda R and Jabbarpour, Christopher R and Steward, Austin C and Rivera-Gonz{\'a}lez, Kenneth S and Cao, Jocelyn and Martin, Alexander A and Barnes, Macy and Wicklund, Lorena and Madrid, Andy and Papale, Ligia A and Joseph, Diya B and Vezina, Chad M and Alisch, Reid S and Lipinski, Robert J}
}
