@article {2323,
	title = {Genomic characterization and epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India.},
	journal = {Science},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021 Oct 14},
	pages = {eabj9932},
	abstract = {<p>Delhi, the national capital of India, has experienced multiple SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in 2020 and reached population seropositivity of over 50\% by 2021. During April 2021, the city became overwhelmed by COVID-19 cases and fatalities, as a new variant B.1.617.2 (Delta) replaced B.1.1.7 (Alpha). A Bayesian model explains the growth advantage of Delta through a combination of increased transmissibility and reduced sensitivity to immune responses generated against earlier variants (median estimates; {\texttimes}1.5-fold, 20\% reduction). Seropositivity of an employee and family cohort increased from 42\% to 87.5\% between March and July 2021, with 27\% reinfections, as judged by increased antibody concentration after a previous decline. The likely high transmissibility and partial evasion of immunity by the Delta variant contributed to an overwhelming surge in Delhi.</p>
},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abj9932},
	author = {Dhar, Mahesh S and Marwal, Robin and Vs, Radhakrishnan and Ponnusamy, Kalaiarasan and Jolly, Bani and Bhoyar, Rahul C and Sardana, Viren and Naushin, Salwa and Rophina, Mercy and Mellan, Thomas A and Mishra, Swapnil and Whittaker, Charles and Fatihi, Saman and Datta, Meena and Singh, Priyanka and Sharma, Uma and Ujjainiya, Rajat and Bhatheja, Nitin and Divakar, Mohit Kumar and Singh, Manoj K and Imran, Mohamed and Senthivel, Vigneshwar and Maurya, Ranjeet and Jha, Neha and Mehta, Priyanka and A, Vivekanand and Sharma, Pooja and Vr, Arvinden and Chaudhary, Urmila and Soni, Namita and Thukral, Lipi and Flaxman, Seth and Bhatt, Samir and Pandey, Rajesh and Dash, Debasis and Faruq, Mohammed and Lall, Hemlata and Gogia, Hema and Madan, Preeti and Kulkarni, Sanket and Chauhan, Himanshu and Sengupta, Shantanu and Kabra, Sandhya and Gupta, Ravindra K and Singh, Sujeet K and Agrawal, Anurag and Rakshit, Partha and Nandicoori, Vinay and Tallapaka, Karthik Bharadwaj and Sowpati, Divya Tej and Thangaraj, K and Bashyam, Murali Dharan and Dalal, Ashwin and Sivasubbu, Sridhar and Scaria, Vinod and Parida, Ajay and Raghav, Sunil K and Prasad, Punit and Sarin, Apurva and Mayor, Satyajit and Ramakrishnan, Uma and Palakodeti, Dasaradhi and Seshasayee, Aswin Sai Narain and Bhat, Manoj and Shouche, Yogesh and Pillai, Ajay and Dikid, Tanzin and Das, Saumitra and Maitra, Arindam and Chinnaswamy, Sreedhar and Biswas, Nidhan Kumar and Desai, Anita Sudhir and Pattabiraman, Chitra and Manjunatha, M V and Mani, Reeta S and Arunachal Udupi, Gautam and Abraham, Priya and Atul, Potdar Varsha and Cherian, Sarah S}
}
@article {2290,
	title = {Strategies to target SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection using dual mechanisms of inhibition by acidification inhibitors.},
	journal = {PLoS Pathog},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021 07},
	pages = {e1009706},
	abstract = {<p>Many viruses utilize the host endo-lysosomal network for infection. Tracing the endocytic itinerary of SARS-CoV-2 can provide insights into viral trafficking and aid in designing new therapeutic strategies. Here, we demonstrate that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is internalized via the pH-dependent CLIC/GEEC (CG) endocytic pathway in human gastric-adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells expressing undetectable levels of ACE2. Ectopic expression of ACE2 (AGS-ACE2) results in RBD traffic via both CG and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Endosomal acidification inhibitors like BafilomycinA1 and NH4Cl, which inhibit the CG pathway, reduce the uptake of RBD and impede Spike-pseudoviral infection in both AGS and AGS-ACE2 cells. The inhibition by BafilomycinA1 was found to be distinct from Chloroquine which neither affects RBD uptake nor alters endosomal pH, yet attenuates Spike-pseudovirus entry. By screening a subset of FDA-approved inhibitors for functionality similar to BafilomycinA1, we identified Niclosamide as a SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Further validation using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in AGS-ACE2 and Vero cells confirmed its antiviral effect. We propose that Niclosamide, and other drugs which neutralize endosomal pH as well as inhibit the endocytic uptake, could provide broader applicability in subverting infection of viruses entering host cells via a pH-dependent endocytic pathway.</p>
},
	keywords = {Ammonium Chloride, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Animals, Antiviral Agents, Cell Line, Chlorocebus aethiops, Chloroquine, Clathrin, COVID-19, Drug Synergism, Endocytosis, Endosomes, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hydroxychloroquine, Macrolides, Niclosamide, Protein Binding, Protein Domains, SARS-CoV-2, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Vero Cells, Virus Internalization},
	issn = {1553-7374},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1009706},
	author = {Prabhakara, Chaitra and Godbole, Rashmi and Sil, Parijat and Jahnavi, Sowmya and Gulzar, Shah-E-Jahan and van Zanten, Thomas S and Sheth, Dhruv and Subhash, Neeraja and Chandra, Anchal and Shivaraj, Akshatha and Panikulam, Patricia and U, Ibrahim and Nuthakki, Vijay Kumar and Puthiyapurayil, Theja Parassini and Ahmed, Riyaz and Najar, Ashaq Hussain and Lingamallu, Sai Manoz and Das, Snigdhadev and Mahajan, Bhagyashri and Vemula, Praveen and Bharate, Sandip B and Singh, Parvinder Pal and Vishwakarma, Ram and Guha, Arjun and Sundaramurthy, Varadharajan and Mayor, Satyajit}
}
@article {1742,
	title = {The resolution revolution reaches India.},
	journal = {Biophys Rev},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019 Jul 02},
	issn = {1867-2450},
	doi = {10.1007/s12551-019-00558-7},
	author = {Subramanian, Ramaswamy and Mayor, Satyajit and Vinothkumar, Kutti R}
}
